Log barker having flop-over cutterhead



Nov. 6, 1956 w. R. swANsoN 2,769,468

Los BARKER HAVING nop-OVER CUTTERHEAD Filed Jan. 13, 195s 7 sheets-sheer2 IN V EN TOR.

B w@ W,

A TTURNE YS.

Nov. 6, 1956 w, R. swANsoN 2,769,468

LOG BARKER HAVING FLOP-OVER CU'IITERHEAD Filed Jan. 13, 1955 7Sheets-Sheet 3 A v /f'-IX/H IN V EN TOR.'

Nov. 6,' 1956 w. R. swANsoN 2,769,453

LOG B'ARKER HAVING FLOP-OVER CUTTERHEAD 'Filed Jan. 13, 1953 7Sheets-Sheet 4 Nov. 6, 1956 w, R, swANsoN l 2,769,468

LOG BARKER HAVING FLOPOVER CUTTERHEAD Filed VJan. 15, 1953 7Sheets-Sheet 5 C ,6 INVENTOR;

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ATTRNEXS.

Nov. 6, 1956 w. R. swANsoN 2,769,468

LOG BARKER HAVING FLOP-OVER CUTTERHEAD Filed Jan. 15, 1953 7Sheets-Sheet 6 v1N V EN TOR.l

BY f;

ATTORNEYS.

Nov. 6, 1956 w. R. swANsoN 2,769,468

LOG BARKER HAVING mop-OVER CUTTERHEAD Filed Jan. 13, 1953 7 Sheets-Sheet7 ,'gJa

1N VEN TOR.'

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ATTORNEYS United States Patent LOG BARKER HAVING FLOP-OVER CUTTERHEADWillis R. Swanson, Wichita, Kans., assignor to The Rounds & PorterLumber Company, Inc., Wichita, Kans., a corporation of KansasApplication January 13, 1953, Serial No. 330,946

17 Claims. (Cl. 144-208) 'Ihis invention relates to a log barker, and inparticular to log-debarking apparatus wherein the bark is removed inchips and in which heavy logs having various diameters are readilyaccommodated.

An object of the invention is to provide log-debarking apparatus inwhich the cutting head is moved longitudinally of a log being barkedwhereby the typical irregularities in the cross-sectional shape of thelog are avoided because the cuttinghead moves along straight orgenerally curved paths that are typical of the longitudinal vshape of alog surface. The result is the attainment of higher transverse speedsand smaller and more gradual depth control of the cutter head than ispossible in conventional barkers. Another object of the invention is toprovide means arranged to travel in the cutting path of the cutterheadto guide the depth of the cutterhead. Adjacent longitudinal surfaces ofthe log are substantially similar in contour and the depth-controlmovements are primarily made to accomplish small corrections in theirregularities of these adjacent surfaces, and for this purpose it ispreferable that a guide wheel be provided that travels behind thecutterhead along a previously debarked surface of the log. Anotherobject of the invention is to provide photoelectric means arrangedwithin the cutterhead whereby differences of color or reflectioncharacteristics between the bark and wood of a log are used toautomatically control the depth of the cutterhead so that substantiallyall of the bark is removed without removing excessive amounts of Wood.

Still another object of the invention is the provision of means forautomatically governing the speed of the longitudinal movement of thecutterhead relative to the log to t the depth and condition of the bark.Preferably the log-debarking apparatus is of relatively light weight andthe automatic speed control is practically accomplished because thelight Weight of the apparatus permits rapid changes in velocity witheconomically small actuating forces. A further object of the inventionis to automatically adjust the cutting surface of the cutterhead so thatit remains substantially parallel to the surface of the log irrespectiveof the log diameter. This feature in conjunction with the depth controlarrangement previously referred to permits accommodation of logs havingelliptical, heart-shaped or other irregular cross sections.

Valuable chemicals can be secured from the bark of timber by solvent orleaching action on the bark. For example, Valuable waxes may beextracted from the bark of certain timber. The extraction processes arecarried on more efficiently and more economically where the bark piecesor particles are of relatively large size so that there is not presentexecssive amounts of small bark particles which tend to clog thefilters, impede separation of the chemicals from the bark, and otherwiseinterfere with the extraction process. A further object of theinvention, therefore, is to provide a cutterhead in 2,169,468 PatentedNov. 6, 1956 "ICC Which the shape of the cutters, the rotational speed,and the longitudinal speed of the cutteihead is' controlled so as togenerate bark chips of suitable shape and thickness to meet therequirements of extraction processes.

Still another object of the invention is the provision of means forremoving the bark from logs in shredded form to produce directly a uiyinsulating material without the necessity of using large and specializedequipment. Still a further object of the invention is to provide acutterhead and associated apparatus moving the cutterhead longitudinallyof the log and in which the cutterhead is positioned at onepredetermined setting when the head is moved in one direction while whenthe cutterhead is moved along the log in the opposite direction thecutterhead is opped over a controlled amount regulated by the logdiameter to cut a second swath of bark from the log without the need ofrotating or otherwise moving the log. Additional objects and advantageswill appear as the specification proceeds.

An embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the drawings, in which-Figure 1 is a perspective View of the log-debarking apparatus and showsa log, in the first stage of the barkremoval operation; Fig. 2 is apersepective view of the carriage and adjustable frame elements and inwhich all of the motors, controls and cutterhead are removed; Fig. 3 isan end View in elevation of the apparatus and in which various positionsare illustrated in phantom to show the accommodation of logs havingdifferent diameters; Fig. 4 isv a front view in elevation of thecutterhead and in which the forward cover plate is removed; Fig. 5 is alongitudinal sectional View of the cutterhead taken on the line 5*5 ofFig. 4; Fig. 6 is an end view o f the frame assembly illustrated in Fig.3 but taken from the opposite end; Fig. 7 is a sectional view takenonthe line 7 7 of Fig. 6; Fig. 8 is a sectional viewvtaken on the line 8-8of Fig. 7; Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the hydraulic motor andcontrol circuits preferably used with the log-barker apparatus; Fig. l0is primarily a diagrammatic view of control apparatus for automaticallycontrolling the speed of longitudinal movement of the cutterheadrelative to a log in accordance with the hardness and thicknesscharacteristics of the bark; Fig. 11 is a front view in elevation of amodiiied form of cutterhead in which brushes are used rather thancutters or knives; and Fig. 12 is a longitudinal sectional view of themodilied cuttinghead taken on the line 12-12 of Fig. l1.

It is believed that the log-barker apparatus may best be understood byrst referring to Fig. 1 wherein the apparatus is illustrated inperspective and in position to remove bark from a log. The logillustrated is designated generally with the letter L and has an outerlayer of bark B from which a swath S Vof bark has been removed. The logL is mounted upon a log support A and the support A is capable ofrotating the log a controlled amount as will be hereinafter described.The bark-removal apparatus consists generally of a carriage C adapted tomove longitudinally of the log vL upon a track T. Pivotally mounted uponthe carriage C is a tilt frame F that is movable toward and away fromthe bark surface of the log. The positioning of the frame F with respectto the surface of the log is determined by a depth-control unit D.Mounted upon the tilt frame F is a cutterhead H that is rotatable so asto m'ove the knives thereof into cutting engagement with the bark Bmains idle. The hydraulic v illustrated in Fig. 1.

to Vreturn to; its initial position while'the cutterhead re- YLogfsup-poi'iir1g Yapparatus Y A The'log L may be mounted upon .anysuitable log-supporting `apparatus A that is preferably operative torotate thevlog-through controlled angular distances to`change the barksurface confronted by the cutterhead H so that the entire log maybedebarked. The log-supporting jap- :draulic motor. Control of the motoris provided yso that Y Y the .log-L mounted upon the log support A mayberotated a predetermined amount. A specific Ymotor connection for thispurpose is ynot illustrated since any conventional andwell-known geartrain'may be employed; however,

Fig. 9. Y Y

Reciprocating carriage and its trackway Y `Ine carriage C consists of apair Vof side members having rigidly-securedY thereto a pair of endmembersV 16. Any'type of rigid `connection between the side members andend members may be usedand, for example, the members maybe welded toform an integrated peripheral frame member. bers 16 .upon suitableaxlesV 17 are wheels 18 and 19. The Wheels L8 are' each equipped Withaninner flange 20 and the wheels 'ride upon a rail 21; The wheels 19: areequipped with inner anges 22 and outer ilanges 23 and rid@ VllpOn a rail24. The inner flanges'20 of the wheels v 18 and the flanges 2,2 and 23of the wheels 19 abut thek edges of the rails 21 and 24 and confine thecarriage thereon. If desired, the carriage may be equippedat each cornerwith .a hQld-down Wheel 24a ,rotatably mounted on brackets Y24h rforengaging the underside of the rails to hold the carriage thereon. Thecarriage C.may'be equipped with arcuate members 16a mounted upon theends 16 of the carriage to provide a securing device for attaching acable to thefcarriage. The carriage may V4be moved longitudinally alongthe trackTby means of a cable and motor drive. Any well-knownand'conventional cable andmotor drive assembly (see motork 174illustrated inthe schematic diagramA in Figure 9) may be used tovprovide the Vlongitudinal "movement of the carriage. 'Y Y Illetrackings therefor. The rails 21 and 24y are rigidly secured to channelmembers 25 vand brackets 26. The channels 2,5,n which are horizontallydisposed, are supported on short` vertical lchannel-shaped.members 27.and together the motor is illustrated 4in the 'schematic diagram ofyMounted upon the ends of the mein-v includes the rails 21 and .24 andthe mount-Y.

cylinders and motors are also Y' bers 15 and along outer sides thereofto the end members 16. Rigidly mounted upon the support plates 29 aretrunnions 30 having boresV 31 and bearings 31a therethrough thatrotatably receive an axle 32. The axle 32 provides a mounting for thetilt frame F and extendsV transversely thereof through the base member33 ofthe frame. pair of uprights 34 and 35 reinforced intermediate theirends by a transverse member 36. It isapparent that the tilt frame F istherefore free to -pivot about the axis provided by the trunnions 30.

At their upper ends eachV Y Y is equippedV with a clevis 37 Sand 3S. Theclevis 38v has rigidly pinned'thereto a link 39 that pivotally receivesthe Vaxle 40 of yoke 41. The axle 40 is rigidly secured toV the yoke 41so that rotation of the axle provides rotation of the yoke.' As willibeseen best 'inrFig 7, the clevls 37 is equipped with a link 42 securedthereto by a bolt 43Yand nut 44. The link 42 pivotally receives Van axleprojecting from the opposite end of the yoke 41 and which will also bedesignated by the numeral 40. Together the axle segmentsV 40 may beconsidered as being and will often be referred to as the yokeV axleandthe pivotal axis of the yoke. The yoke 41 is equipped `with anaperture 45 that facilitates mounting of the cutterhead and motortherefor upon the yoke.

Cutter-depth control Vunit The tilting Yof the frame F Vtowardthe'periphery of aY is positioned between the spaced ends of thebifurcated member. Adjacent its upper end the arm 46 is equipped withn adownwardly-extending.clevis 48 having mounted between the spacedprongstther'eof'a depth control wheel 49. The wheel 49is rotatablymounted upon Van .axle 50 received in apertures provided by theclevisflt.V 'The u arm 46 Vis free to pivot about the aXleA@ anditsfpivotal position with respect to this,V axle andV the tilt framede-V Y termines the position of the tilt frame with regardY to its theheight of thelchan'nels 25 are members 27 is equal. y

' Vto Ythe height of the Vbrackets 26. .'The brackets 26 and the members27h11 turn are mounted upon transverse supports 2.8 'that may bechannel-shaped as illustrated. All

of the described members Amay be welded togetherto provide arigid trackstructure upon which the'carriage C rides, Vor if desired,'othersecuring means may be used. Preferably the track VT is somewhatlongerthana log L supported upon the log support A, ;so that the carriageY Cmay travel beyond each end of the log.Y This isv desired Tilt-inlineSupport :for cutter'he'ad j Y f Referring/in particular to Figs. 1 and2, it is seen Vthat the 'carriage C iis,V equipped with a. pair ofsupports Y29 rigidly secured at opposite ends thereof tothe sidememnearnerss to the bark surface of a log L. The lower end of thearm'46is Vfree insofar as the showing of Fig. 2 is concerned but inassemblyis connected with Ya draulic cylinder as will be laterdescribed.

T ilt-frame operating mechanism. The frame F Vis pivoted about .the`axle 32 by. means of a hydraulic cylinder V51 that is seen best inFigsrl and 3,'whilc the mounting of the cylinder upon the frame F willbe considered also withrreference to Fig. 2. YThe cylinder 51 ispivotallymounted between the upright member 35 of the frame F and aninner .bracket 52 rigidly mounted upon the base member 33 and inter-lmediate itransverse member36 of they frame F. The

pivotal mounting between the .members 35 and 52 per-,b mits the cylinder51 to be angularly oriented as maybe required by the tangle of tiltofthe frame F. At its inner lower end the cylinder 51 is equipped with`a plunger 53 thatucarriesatfts outer end a-'bifurcat'ed connectormember 54.V YThe connectorr54 is pivotally connected by`a'pin 5.5 to abracket 56 that .is xedly mounted upony Y the innerfside'member 15 ofthe carriage C. ltrisfY seen,

. then, that-uponV actuation .of .the cylinder 51 its casing portion 57moves axially with respectto Vthe plunger 53 Ywhich isrestrained'against axial movement by VitsV con'-V nection tothebracketS. kSincethe casing VV57 is farstened by its pivot Vtothe tiltframe/l?,V the tilt frame is thereby pivoted about its pivotal axisthrough the trunnions30 mounted upon the carriage. The :pivotal mountingof thev casing '57 'is provided by pivotally supporting the same uponpins rigidlyxe'd to the members 35 and Formed rigidly with the basemember 33 are a ofthe members 34 and .35.

The inward tilting ofthe' upper end of the Vframe'F toward the log L islimited by abutment of the depthcontrol Wheel 49 with the periphery ofthe log. The exact positioning of the upper end of the frame F relativeto the surface of the log may therefore be determined by adjusting theposition of the depth-control wheel 49 about its pivotal axis 40 withrespect to the upper end of the tilt frame F. This control is providedby the use of a hydraulic cylinder 58 that will also bedescribed withreference to Figs. l and 3, while the mounting for the cylinder may bestbe seen in Fig. 2. The cylinder 58 is equipped with a casing 59 that ispivotally mounted between the spaced ears of a partly `Ushaped bracketconstruction 61 rigidly carried upon the outer side of the upright sidemember 35 of the tilt frame F. The cylinder 58 is also equipped with aplunger 60 having at its end a bifurcated connector member that ispivotally secured to an L-shaped bracket 62 which in turn is rigidlymounted upon the arm 46 of the depth control unit D. It will be apparentthat upon actuation of the cylinder 5S the plunger 60 thereof will moveaxially with respect to the cylinder casing and the tilt frame F andswing the lower end of the arm 46 so as to pivot the arm about the axle40 and thereby change the position of the depth Wheel 49 relative to theupper end of the tilt frame F.

Cutterhead flop-over mechanism' It is shown clearly in Fig. l that thecutting head H is carried by the yoke 41 and it is desired to partiallyrotate the yoke 41 so that the cutting edges of the cutterhead H arerepositioned with respect to the surface of the -log L upon the movementof the carriage in a reverse direction. That is to say, in theillustration of Fig. 1 the carriage C will be moving toward the rightand the cutterhead H will be removing bark from thelog L to provide theswath S. However, upon the return movement of the carri-age C, whichwill be to the left -as seen in Fig. l, the cutting head H will beflopped over (as is illustrated in phantom in Fig. 3) so that a secondswath of bark is removed from the log L upon the return movement of thecarriage C and without the necessity of rotating the log L. Toaccomplish this flop-over, a hydraulic cylinder 63 is employed. Thecylinder 63 is equipped with a casing 64 having mounted thereon a collar65. The collar 65 is pivotally mounted between the extended ears 66 of aclevis 67 which is rigidly carried upon the side member 35 of the frameF. The' cylinder 63 is equipped with a plunger 68 having abi# furcatedconnector member 69 at its upper end that is pivotally connected to acrank 76. As will be seen best in Fig. 2, the crank 70 can swing betweenthe forked ends of a clevis 71 and is secured to an axle 72 pivotallymounted within appropriate apertures in the clevis 71. Referring againto Figs, l and 3, it is seen that the axle 72 carries on its outer end asprocket 73 having entrained thereabout'a link chain 74. The chain 74extends'about a sprocket 75 of reduced diameter and the sprocket 75 issecured to the axle 49 so that the axle rotates upon rotational movementof the sprocket 75. ln the same manner, the sprocket 73 is secured tothe 'axle 72. Upon actuation of the cylinder 63 the plunger 68 thereofmoves axially to pivot the crank 7G and rotate the axle 72. Thesprockets 73 and 75 are thereby rotated through a predetermined angulardistance whereby the yoke 41 is partially rotated to flop over thecutterhead H.

Czztterhead construction The cutterhead H may be seen best in Figs. 4and 5. The cutterhead H includes a cylindrical casing member 76 havingintermediate its ends an inwardly-extending annular flange 77. Theilange 77 is mounted by meansV of cap screws 78a upon ya complementarylaterally-extending ange 78 with which a hub 79 is equipped. The hub 79in turn is supported upon bearings 86 for rotational movement about acentral stationary sleeve 81. It is seen that shoulders lock ltheinner-bearing 80 in 6 position while an adjustable nut 82 threadedlyreceived upon the outer end of the 'sleeve 81 secures the outer bearingin the desired position.

The sleeve 81 has a longitudinally-extending passage 83 therethroughthat rotatably receives a shaft 84 having rigidly secured theretoadjacent its end an annular ilange 85 that is also rigidly secured bymeans of cap screws 85a to the hub 79. A hydraulic motor 86 having inletand outlet conduits 87 and 88 rotates the shaft 84 and it is seen thatthisrotation through the hub 79 rotates the outer cylindrical casing 76of the cutterhead. The cutterhead and motor drive therefor are mountedupon the yoke 41 by means of studs 89 that are rigid with an innerilange 90 and draw the same into tight gripping relation with the innerflanged portion of the sleeve 81 and the central member 91 of the yoke41 and at the same time draw the annular connector ilange 92 of themotor 86 against the central yoke member 91. It is seenthat the innermember 90 and the annular extension of thesleeve 81 are equipped withsuitable mating shoulders to properly align the sleeve 81 with respectto the rotatably mounted shaft 84.

Mounted upon the peripheral surface of the cylindrical casing 76 are aplurality of cutters or knives 93. The knives 93 are aligned insubstantially parallel rows spaced longitudinally of the casing 76. Asmay be seen by referring to Fig. l, the cutters 93 are staggered andsubstantially encompass the entire surface of the casing 76. Of the fourrows of cutters illustrated, it is apparent that the cutters of theinner rows have cutting or biting teeth or surfaces 94 that aresubstantially parallel with the surface of the casing 76. The outer rowsof cutters, however, are angularly disposed so that they tip inwardlyand have the highest point of the cutting surface adjacent the ends ofthe casing 76. The general configuration of the cuting surfaces providedby all of the rows of cutters is therefore generally arcuate andconforms substantially with the peripheral form of a log.

At their inner ends the cutters 93 are equipped with a reduced extension95 that is threaded and is threadedly received within a threaded passageprovided by a mounting member 96. The member 96 is also provided with anenlarged passage coaxial with the reduced threaded passage and receivingthe enlarged cylindrical portion of the cutter 93. Desirably, theshoulder provided by the meeting of the enlarged and reduced passages ofthe member 96 is axially related thereto so that upon screwing of thecutters 93 to their innermost position they are properly oriented withrespect to the rotatable cylindrical casing 76. Fig. 5 also makes itapparent that the outer mounting members 96 are angularly disposedrelative to the casing 76 while the inner members are generallyperpendicular to the casing surface. The members 96 are mounted upon thecasing rigidly by means of welding, as illustrated, and to add rigiditythereto each member 96 is equipped with a brace 96a. other attachingmeans may be employed.

Photoelectrz'c-cell control for cutter-depth control unit It haspreviously been brought out that the angular disposition of the tiltframe F relative to a log L is determined by the angular positioning ofthe depth-control' unit D. Generally, the positioning of thedepth-control member may be done manually in response to visual in`dications through actuation of the hydraulic cylinder 58 throughsuitable control units. It is, however, frequently desirable to provideautomatic depth control of the boss 100 with which the annular member 85is provided,

If desired, some The light 'source .will thereby rotate with Vtheshaft-84V and casing 76; although this is not necessary, butpdoesprovide a ready means for mounting theY light source.

The .light 97 is protected'from flying chipsl by va'cover 101 secured to:the outer end kof the casing 7.6. A suitable source of current for.actuating the light is providedV through brushes 102 mounted upon aninsulator 103 carried by the stationary sleeve 81. Suitable wires may bebrought through the yoke'l'and stationary sleeve 81 and tothe brushes102. The brushes 102 frictionally engage Vpickup rings 104 mounted Auponan insulator 105 carried Y orreceiv'er 106 is'mounted in any convenientmanner upon the stationary member 90 and suitable Yleads of conventionaldesign maybe used to carry the current from thepickup to suitableamplifiers, etc., that are not shown. Y

in order to supply light from the .source 97 to the sur- V face of a logbeingy debarked, a plurality of vapertures 107 or the distance ofits'pivotal axis from 'the line at which the vertical'midplane of thelog bisects the -lower surface thereof may be varied asdesired. It is,of course, important thatthe profile of the cutters 93r coincideswithacircumferential arc of the surface. of the logrL 'so that thecorresponding swath of barkremoved by the cutting head will representsubstantially all ofthe bark in the swath, and that'the cuttersVwill'not penetrate the log at Y any pointsY lto undesirable depths andthereby remove valuable wood therefrom. Y

As has been explained, therangul'ar tilting of the frameV F must bechanged to acommodate logs having different Y diameters. It is 'alsonecessary that the extentofthe flop- Y designated by the letterV I, mustbe varied to correspond Y with the particular diameter of ktheelogbeingV debarked.

are cut at intervals in the outer casing 76. Light mayVV therefor'epassthrough these apertures and between the 'Y cutters 93 (since they arestaggered) ,and to the surface :of a Alog thereunder.

of is reilected from the surface of the log and is received The light orcertain .portions thereby the pickup cell 106 which is thereby actuatedto a corf responding extent and through amplifiers, etc., thedepthcontrol unit B is pivoted a corresponding lamount about the axle 40to varyfthe positioning of the cutterhead IH asrequired `to provideuniform bark removal. kSince both Vthe vlight source 97 and thephotoelectric cell 106 ,might be damaged by flying chips, the apertures107 maybe coveredlwith a transparent safety glass window 108, or awindow of suitable transparent plastic such as Plexiglass;v

etc. rThe `window v108 is annular and is heldin position over theapertures 107 by caps 109.

.Y Cam and micro-switch control for the extent i of cutterhed flop-over.

It may be brought out at this time that it is desirable to debark withthe apparatus illustrated logs that may vary greatly in diameter. Forexample, in Fig. 3, the position of Ithe cutterhead and tilt frame isillustrated for'logs of three diiferent diameters. VA small log L1having a diam- I eter of approximately 18"., and the position of thecutterhead H and tilt frame F with respect thereto, are Yillus'- tratedin phantom. VAliso illustrated in phantom are-a log Lz'and lthe tiltframe F and cutterhead H with respect thereto. In the same figure anintermediate log L is/illustrated in full lines as is Vthe tilt frameand cutterhead when operating on a log ofrsuch diameter. It will benotedthat in each of the three Vcases the profiles of the cutters 93 of thecutterhead VHv'substantially coincidesY witha circumferential are of thelog. VIn order to .make certain that this prole of the cutters v93will'coincide with a circumferential arc of the log regardless ofthediameter of the log having the `bark removed therefrom,

it Yisimportant that .the pivotal axis of thertilt .frame F ,Ybe-caiefully related toy a Vertical Vlongitudinal midplane of the :logat Vthe line'rwhere the midp'lane intersects the lower surface of thelog. This fline appears as a point in 5 Figure'3 and 'is designated bythe letter X. Specifically, the distance ofthe pivotal axisl ofthe tiltframe F, which extends through the trunriions mounted upon the endmembers'16 of fthe carriage C, to threpoint X mustbe substantially'egualto the average distance Lbetween the pivotal Aaxis of thetiltframe Fand the cutting surfaces 94 ofV the'cutters'93. Convenientlythesmi/dpoint betweenY tliecutters'l 931mayV be taken as therough point.If :this

vre"lationsltniplis maintained, the lllenfgth lof'the Itilt framerFopenings therethrough that slidably-receive the arm 115:Y

over or rotation of the cutter or debarker head H from Y the cutter outposition, indicated in full lines in 3 Y and designated generallyby theletter `O,-to thefcuttei in position, illustrated in Fig. 3-by brokenlines and Automaticvmeans are provided for .accomplishing this result,and the structure is illustrated in Figs. 6, 7 and V8.

Essentially the control is provided by regulating the. duration ofactuation ;of the op-over cylinder 63. For this purpose, a cam 110 iscarried by a support member 111 mounted upon that'tmnnion 30 adjacentthe upright 34,",V of the tilt frame F. The cam 110 and support member`111 therefor are independent of the tilt frame F and remain in theposition illustrated. Ther'generally arcuate surface of the cam 110 isengaged by a cam roller 112 carriedby a cam .follower assembly 113.. Theroller 112 is rotatably mounted upon a plate 114 secured to the end ofan arm'11'5 by cap screws 11,6. The arm 115 is con 'j fined within theposition illustrated which is spaced from and substantially parallelwith the upright side member 34 of the tilt frame F by means of spacedguides 1-17 having The guides 117 are rigidlycarried by the upright 34and the arm 115 is normally biased toward -a down position r in whichthe cam roller 112 engagesrthe cam surface of the cam 110by means ofafspring 118 secured at one end Y to a guide117 and at its upper end toa pin'carried by the arm 11S. Y v

Referring particularlyto Fig.V 7, it is seen that -atv its upper end thearm 115 is connected to a support arm 119 pivotally mounted upon theyoke axle or shaft 40. In Fig..8 it is noted that the arm 115 and arm1719 are joined by a loose connection provided by an elongated Vslot 120in the arm 115 that slidably receives a bearing surface 121 of a capVscrew`122 threaded at one end and thereby Vre- Y ceivedwithin vanaperture provided by the support arm 119. Since the support arm 119 isfree to rotate about the yoke shaft 40, its position relative theretoVwill be de'- termined by the axial position of the cam arm.115 asdetermined by the point of engagement of the roller 112 with the cam110.

At its outer end the support arm 119 has vmounted Y thereonamicrofswitch 123 equipped with a movable roller element 124 that ismoved to actuate the switch. rIhe'element 1247is engaged by a triggerarm 125 carried upon the yoke shaft'40 and secured thereto by a setscrewV126 to prevent rotation therebetween.

then, that as the yoke 41 is rotated to iop over the cutter-Y Vhead H,the yoke'sh'aft 40 will also be rotated'as will VtheY trigger armcarried'thereby.

`It is apparent,

ment of the triggerarm 125 with the trigger element .,124 of themicroswitch;123 will be determined bytheV posi-V Y tion of themicroswitch 123 as determined by the arm 119. Therefore,fthe cam j110may be designed so vthat if as the .tilt frameF is positioned toaccommodate a `log of'any'given diameter, the rollere112. and cam armV115V Ywillbe moved a distance corresponding'to the diameter Y. of thelog and the relative position of themicroswitch 123V will thereby'bechanged to correspond with the log diameter. Since triggering Vof themicroswitch 12,3 will de` actuate Vthe flop-over Vcylindertla, theextent of'tiop-oven` is -automaticallydetermined "and "theY'deterrrtinatiouis'i The extent of engage-'- automatically made tocorrespond with the diameter of any log.

Micro-switch control for partial rotation of the log After a swath ofbark has been removed from a log on both the down and return movement ofthe carriage C, the log must be rotated to provide another bark area tobe removed by the cutterhead. The extent of log rtation must also bechanged as the log diameter varies. The rotational movement of the logis automatically controlled by means of a microswitch 127 having atrigger element 128 actuated by a trigger arm 128 rigidly pinned to theyoke shaft 49 by a setscrew 130. Microswitch 127 is therefore actuatedby arrn 129 in a manner similar to the operation of switch 123 by arm125, and thereby limits the rotation of the head as it moves into theout position shown in Figure 3. The log rotation Will occur when thecutterhead is pivoted or flopped over to the cutter out positionillustrated in Fig, 1 and designated by the letter O in Fig. 3. It isapparent from the physical relationship of the switch 127 and triggerarm 129 that the greater the rotation of the cutterhead upon thetiopover to cutter in position, the greater must be the pivotal movementupon the return to cutter out position. Therefore the log will have agreater time to rotate before the arm 129 triggers the switch 127 and itis seen therefore that the extent of log rotation is automaticallydetermined without the necessity of control by an operator.

It is also seen in Fig. 7 that the yoke shaft 40 is rotatably supportedin the link 42 upon needle bearings 131 and that thrust bearings 132 and133 are also provided. The thrust bearing 132 on one side thereofengages the link 42 and on the other side a stop collar 134 pinned tothe yoke shaft 40 by setscrew 135. The bearing 133 is confined againstthe link 42 by the yoke 41. At its opposite end the yoke and yoke shaft40 thereof is supported in a similar bearing arrangement.

M odifed cutterhead In Figs. 11 and 12, a modication of the cutterheadis illustrated. The structure is identical with that previouslydescribed except that the casing 76 is not equipped with cutters orknives 93 but instead has mounted thereon a plurality of stiff wirebrushes 13651. For mounting the brushes 13611 the outer surface of thecasing 76 has mounted thereon a plurality of spaced-apart annular anges13711. The flanges 137:1 are equipped at spaced points with pairs ofapertures that receive the ends of U-shaped bolts 13811. The bolts 13811are threaded at their ends and receive nuts 13911 that draw the U-shapedmembers tightly against the brushes 13611 so as to anchor them to theannular flanges 137:1. Preferably the brushes are formed from lengths ofwire rope that is relatively stiff and the wire lengths are bent intoU-shaped form as is illustrated best in Fig. ll, and adjacent each endof the wire length the wings of the U are confined against the annularilanges 13711 by the U-shaped bolt 13801. Preferably the ends of thebrushes 13611 are frayed and may be cut on an angle -so as to providebetween the four rows illustrated a generally continuous arc that has aconfiguration substantially the same as the cylindrical surface of alog. Instead of chipping the bark from the logs the Wire brushes operateto shred the bark and provide a ufty mass that is usable, as removedfrom the log, as an insulating material.

Hydraulic circuit Conceivably, power for actuating the various movableparts of the log-barker apparatus described might be provided in anumber of diiterent Ways. For example, electric motors might possibly beused; but it is preferred that hydraulic motors and cylinders, etc., beemployed because of their light weight and low inertia that providesready control and change of speed economically while at the same timelightweight units can develop relatively large horsepower outputs. InFig. 9 is illustrated schematically -a hydraulic circuit forfimp'rtingrotation and movement to the various described elements. The motorsemployed vand the actauting cylinders are all controlled by electricallyoperated or solenoid valves, whereby actuation and deactuation arethereby readily accomplished from a small unitary control panel. Theelectric circuitry is standard and solenoid controlled valves are wellknown in the art, and as a consequence it is believed unnecessary forthe purposes of this invention to describe and illustrate suchelectrical circuit arrangements.

The hydraulic circuit for the log barker is a closed circuit with all oflthe hydraulic iluid, which may be oil or water, being taken from andreturned to the same source-a tank 136. Leading from the tank 136 is aconduit 137 that enters a hydraulic pump 138. The output from the pump138 is delivered through a conduit 139 to the cutterhead motor 86, andafter passing through the motor 86 the fluid is returned through areturn conduit 140 to the supply tank 136. If desired, a pressureindicator 141 may be interposed in the line or conduit 139 and beprovided with a suitable bypass returning the pressure-indicating fluidback to the conduit 137.

Also coming from the discharge end of the pump 138 is a supply conduit142 running through a filter 143 and down through a branch conduit 144to a pressure reducer 145 equipped with a gauge orpressure indicator146. If desired, a gauge or pressure indicator 14,7 may be included inthe conduit 142 as well as a pressurerelief valve 148 connected througha relief conduit 149 with the supply line or conduit 137. Similarly, theconduit 139 may be equipped with a pressure-relief valv 150 connected tothe supply conduit 137. l 'g Leading from the pressure reducer 145 is aow conduit 151 leading to a solenoid-operated valve 152 connectedthrough a two-way needle valve 153 and needle valve 154 with thetilt-frame cylinder 51. Return from the cylinder 51 is provided througha return passage 155 connecting with a commonreturn passage and into themain return conduit 140. The pressure reducer 145 is yalso connectedthrough a small Vreturn conduit 161 to the common return 160 where it,too, joins the main return conduit 140.

Also connected to the output side of the pressure reducer 145 is aconduit 162 leading through a needle valve 163 to a solenoid-operatedvalve 164` that is connected to the cutterhead Hop-over or rotatecylinder 63. Return from the cylinder 63 is through a conduit 165, backthrough the valve 164 and to the common return 160.

Also leading from lthe cylinder 145 through aneedle valve 166 is aconduit 167, and the uid flowing therethrough is delivered through asolenoid-operated valve 168 which is connected -to the depth-controlcylinder 58. Return from the cylinder 58 is provided through a con-.duit 169, through the valve 168, and to the common return conduit 160. gY

The conduit 142 leading from the discharge side of, the pump 138 isconnected to a flow-control unit 170 that has on outlet 171 leading backto the supply conduit 137 from the supply tank. AThe main dischargeofthe ow.l control unit is through pipe 172 and into a solenoid operatedvalve 173 and thence into a motor 174 that drives the carriage C. Thehydraulic return from the cal"- riage-drive motor 174 is through -apassage 175, backl through the valve 173 and through a passage 176 andinto a return conduit 177 which leads to the supply conduit 137. leadingfrom the supply tank. The motor 174 is also equipped with a secondreturn passage 178 that also leadsl to the return conduit 177.

The conduit 172 is equipped With a branch 179 that leads to asolenoid-operated valve 180 and thence into the log-rotating motor 181.`Return from the motor 181 is through passage 182, back through thevalve 180 and intov the return 177. A second smaller return isprovidedthrough passage V183 which leads back to the return 177.

Vbarking head H encounters bark of this character.

`present at rvthe 'end' ofthe cylinder Y against Yone side of the piston186. The cylinder 184 `1s l Il Y All of the'` solenoid-operatedvalves`.-15`2,'164, 168 A173 and ISG-are four-way valves-andthe ow ofhydraulic equipped in Vthis 'manner and the cutterheadrotates inV thesame direction at all times. I The hardness and thickness of log borkvaries` greatly with the particular type of timber, and it is quitecommon for both the thickness and hardness of the bark to varyconsiderably throughout the length of any given log. If therbark isparticularly thin and soft, for efficient operation the carriage C canmove along longitudinally of the log Lfat a much more rapid speed.VConversely, if the barkV is -thick and relatively hard, eflicientoperation of the log barker is achieved if the carriage C is moved alongthe track at a slower rate of speed when the cutter or de- It isvirtually fimpossible to regulate the carriage speed manually so as tocorrespond the speed with the character ofV the bark encountered by thedebarking head H at any particular area. Therefore, preferably I employautomatic means vfor accomplishing this result.

Automatic carriage-speed Control veggies Y Y also@mmeihmghfonnuiezez-.ana zos'i the Seme of fluid pressure and theconnection may be madeat any Y place beyond the Vdischarge-sident thepumpf138.

During normal operatic-nef the cutter `head motor hard, the rotatingspeed of the debarking head VH will be in excess of the pressure withinthe conduit 281 and the having mounted for reciprocation therein aplunger 185 equipped with an enlarged piston 186 that engages the innerwalls of the cylinder 184 in `huid-tight relation. A bracket 187 isshown for purposes of mounting the cylinder. The plunger 185 carries atitsl outer end a coneshaped limi-ting member 188 that is hollowed outinteriorly v and receives-thereinthe end of a lever 189 equipped at itsend with a roller 190. At its opposite end the lever 189 is'pivotallyconnected to an arm 191 by means of a bi- Y furcated connector member1,92. Similarly, thelever 189 Y is connected by means of a bifurcatedconnector member 193 -to an arm'194. The arms 191-'and 194 are connectedat their lower endsrespectively with movable foot-control Vmembers 195and 196. The :control members 195 and 196V are adapted to be depressedby the feet .of the log-barker operator audit is apparent thathand-operated controls will operate suitablyand may be interchanged withthe members v195 and A196. Y Y Y Y Intermediate its ends the lever 1.89'is fulczumed by a clevis Y1 97 rigidly carried on a valve casing 198.The valve 198 isfa four-way valve and is equipped vvithV a movablevalvemember provided with a plunger 1,99. The plunger 199 is mountedlfor reciprocation within the valve casing 198 and is'secured by meansof `a bifurcated connector 200 tothe vlever. V189. yIt is apparent thatdepression of either of the control members 195 and 196 will pivotthelever 18,9 `about the fulcrum .197 with the result that the valveplunger 199 will be withdrawn from the casing 198,

or pushed further thereinto, depending upon which of theV arms 191 or194 is moved downwardly. Itis Valso apparent that the'extent of movementof the lever 189 is determined by its Vrelative position with respect totheV cone-shapedlimiting member 188. In the position illustrated vinFig. l0, the lever 189 may pivot through a wide Yarc while if thecone-shaped member 188 is moved to the cylinder 184.,V The position of`the piston 1 86 in turn is established bythe pressures exerted againstopposite sides thereof by the iluid withinrthefcylinden Adjacent its endthe .cylinder '184 is Yconnected through conduit 201 with theVcutter-head or debarking-head *motorY 8,6. The result is ,that the'.pressureY of -the fluid within the motor 86 is i 184 y'and is exertedtermined by the distance between the opposite ,vvalls' of head H changesconsiderably, the pistonlt and cone` K reduced with the result thatthere will beY a pressure in-Y crease within the motor 86. Thepiston'186 willpthereby be moved tothe left and the arc through whichthe lever'V 189 may move will be substantiallyV reduced.` On the otherhand, if the barkenlcountered bythe debarking head H is particuluarlysoft, the speed of the debarking headwill increase. as a consequenceVand the pressure within the motor 86 will be reduced. The pressure of.

the fluid within the conduits 202 and 203 Will thereby be piston 186Ywill move to the right. The lever 1879 may therefore be pivoted througha larger arc. A solenoidcontrolled valve 284 is connected in Ytheconduit202 and leads through a conduit 205 back to the supply tank 136.Y

The valve 204 can function both asia relief valve andas a means Vforestablishing the pressure Within the conduits. 2,02 and 203.V

The valveV 198 controls the ow of pressure'uid to the carriage motor174. ln the schematic illustration of Fig. 9 the valve 198 may be usedto replace the valve 173.

172. The conduit 176'would also connect the valve 198 to the tankr136,as indicated in Fig. 9.

lt is seen, then, that if the ,operator has depressed the control196funtil the roller 190 abut's the wall of the g cone-shaped member 188and the carriageV is thereby moving at a predetermined speed becauseofthe valve opening provided by the depressing ofthe plunger 199, if thecharacter of the bark encountered by the debarking shaped member 188will move either rto the rightor left, depending Vupon the change intheY bark character, Vand r the roller 190 riding Vagainst the side orwall of the 'cone- Vshaped member 188 will either be raised orloweredrso. v

that the lever 189 will be pivoted about the fulcrum V,197

to change the-positioning of the plunger 199 and-thereby alter the flowof pressure fluid to the Vcarriage motorlT-.

Y The speed of the Vcarriage motor will therefore be in- Ycreased ordecreased as the case may berandrthe traversing speed of the debarkingAhead is automatically .regulatedV to fit Vthe character of the logbarkY in any particular area.

Operation` Y YIn operation, a 10g L will be placed upon the chains 10provided by the log support A. The operator through actuation ofthesolenoid-controlled valve 152 will energiz'e the'cylinder 511to pivotthe .tilt frame'F about*V itsl pivotal axis so'as to vbring the.debarking headV H into proximity with the bark-B of the log. Theangularposition of the debarking head H will always be the same, for.,in the position illustrated inFig. l the positioning of the head isdetermined bythe limit-,in onedireetion ofthe Hop-over piston andcylinder 63. Because of the peculiar relation Vbetween the mean`distance of the cutters of 1 the debarking head H from the pivotal axisof YVthe 'tilt frame .l5-'and the distance between the pivotal axis-ofthe'.

tilt frame and the Vvertical longitudinal midplane of the Vlog Lsupported upon the chains 10, Ythe cutting profile of the debarking headVor cutterheadH will always coin'- Y cide V)with acircumferential-arc'of'the'lcg'L.

`a ymean. pressure Ywill be developed therein and Ythis'presf VVsurewill be exerted against the pister-i186 and atnthe Vsaine time thepressure of the iluid source will be exertedV Vagainst the opposite sideof the piston 186 throughthe angular adjustment of the depth control Dand this in turn will provide the depth of cut made into the log bydebarking head H. Initially the depth-control wheel 49 will extendbeyond the left end of the log L as viewed in Fig. 1, and the closenessof the head H to the log will depend solely upon the operators actuationof the cylinder 51. However, after the operator has energized thecutterhead motor 86 so as to rotate the head H and the carriage motorV174 is energized so as to move the carriage along the track T, a swathof bark will be removed from the log by the cutter head as the carriagemoves to the right and the depth-control wheel 49 will ride upon the logsurface as is illustrated in Fig. 1. At this time, the operator willenergize the cylinder 53 to adjust the angular disposition of the arm 46relative to the tilt frame F to determine the exact depth of barkmaterial to be removed by the debarking head H. The depthcontrol Wheel49 and depth-control assembly associated therewith provides a veryaccurate control of the depth of bark removed from a log and at the sametime enables substantially all of the Vbark to be removed without dangerof removing excessive amounts of valuable wood from the log. The reasonfor this is that the changes in log contour are quite graduallongitudinally of a log and the depth control D is suticientlyresponsive to such gradual changes so as to constantly reposition thecutterhead to accomplish the desired removal.

After the carriage C has completely traveled the length of the log L andslightly therebeyond, the operator energizes the valve 164 to actuatethe cylinder 63 and the debarking head H is provided or flopped over tothe cutter in position illustrated in Fig. 3 by broken lines. Thedirection of the carriage motor rotation is reversed and the carriage Ctravels along the track T in an opposite direction so that the debarkinghead H removes another swath of bark from the log and without thenecessity of the log being rotated. The extent of the pivoting orflop-over movement of the cutterhead or debarking head H is determinedby the cam and switch assembly illustrated in Figs. 6 through 8 andpreviously described in detail. Therefore the operator need not beconcerned with attempting to adjust the position of the debarking head Hrelative rto the log so as to maintain it tangent thereto. After thecarriage C has completely traversed the length of the log L and hasreturned to its initial position, the debarking head H is again floppedover to the cutter out position shown in Fig. l and the operator alsoactuatesthe solenoid-controlled valve 1S@ to energize thelog-rotatingmotor 181so that the log is rotated to provide a new area of bark forremoval by the debarking vhead H. The amount of rotation of the log L isautomatically determined by the scam and switch arrangement, alsoillustrated in Fig. 7 and previously described. Therefore all of thebark is readily removed from a log without the debarking head Hoverlapping a previous swath in each pass that it makes.

If 'the light-sensitive or photoelectric cell arrangement shown inFig.,5 is used to establish the debarking-head depth adjustment, theoperation is substantially as heretofore described except that Vthephotoelectric cell arrangement'provides the means for adjusting thedebarking head so that Vthe depth vof bark removed corresponds to theamount of bark present, since the latter may vary because of contourchangesin the log being debarked. There is substantial difference in thecolor of bark, the wood itself and the area ofthe timber between thebark and wood. It is therefore possible to provide photoelectric meansand associated controls therefor that are sensitive to'changes in thecolor ofthe timber layers because of the Ychanges in light'reection thataccompany changes in the timber color.

The automatic carriage-speed control means operates in the man-nerbefore described, to regulate the carriage speed to the Yparticularcharacter of the bark being encountered by the debarking head H at anygiven time.

14 Thus with a retardation of carriage speed, an area` of barkencountered by the debarking head H is subjected to its action for agreater period of time, with the result that such bark areas are morethoroughly removed than would be the case if the speed of the carriagewas constant irrespective of bark hardness or softness.

The debarking head H when equipped with the spaced rows of staggeredcutters or knives removes the bark in chipped form that may be directlyused in chemical eX- traction processes without further treatment andwithout the danger of the filters, etc., employed in the processesbecoming clogged by excessively fine particles such as the dust producedby a saw. This is an important result because the chemicals are veryvaluable (as for example, the wax obtained from Douglas fir) and areeven more valuable when the extraction processes are rendered lesslexpensive. If the wire brushes illustrated in the modification of Figs.11 and 12 are substituted, the bark is also removed readily but inshredded form and may be directly used for forming insulation. 'I'hebark of California redwood is frequently used for this purpose.

The apparatus illustrated and described is light in weight and is easilyportable. Though electric motors, etc., might be used for powering theequipment, the preferred hydraulic motors, Icylinders, etc., contributeto the light weight and portability of the log-barking apparatus. At thesame time, though light in weight the equipment operates rapidly andconveniently and is capable of debarking logs of various sizes withoutwasting any of the valuable wood, and in sufficient quantities tomaintain continuous operation of a lumbermill of fairly substantialsize.

While in the foregoing lspecification I have set forth specificembodiments of my invention in great detail for purposes ofillustration, it will be apparent that those skilled in the art maychange the details considerably without departing from the function ofmy invention.

I claim: l

l. In a log barker, a frame, a debarking head rotatably mounted thereon,said head having a cylindrical casing equipped with a plurality ofknives extending radially therefrom and oriented in spacedcircumferential rows, said knives also being staggered and angularlydisposed relative to said head so that the cutting edges of said knives,when a profile is taken thereof along a longitudinal line on said casingsubstantially parallel to the rotational axisv of said head with a knifein each row assumed to be positioned on said line, form a generallyarcuate conguration, whereby upon operation of said llog barker, a swathof bark is chipped from a log, and means for adjustably controlling theangular position of said frame for setting the depth of cut made by saidknives.

2. In apparatus for debarking logs, a frame, a debarking head equippedwith means for removing bark from a log sand being mounted upon saidframe for rotation, means for rotating said head, means providingrelative movement between a log being debarked and said head, said-debarking head also being pivotally mounted upon said frame to provideselective engagement with sa log along adjacent areas thereof, and powermeans for pivoting said head from one to the other of the log-engagingpositions.

3. In a log debarker or the like, a frame, a debarking head rotatablymounted upon said frame andV being equipped with members operative toremove bark from a log during the rotation of said head, power means forrotating said hea-d, means providing relative movement between a logbeing debarked and said head longitudinally of such log, said debarkinghead being also pivotally mounted upon -said frame to provide selectiveengagement of the head with a log along contiguous longitudinal areasthereof, and power means for pivoting said head rom one to the other ofsuch contiguous log areas capable of being engaged thereby, whereby twoswaths of bark can be removed from a log without rotation thereofrelative to said head.

areas, power means for pivoting said head between its 'two positions ofadjustment, and control apparatus in combination with the power meansproviding rotation of said head and the power means providing movementof said carriage that is responsive to the operative characteristic ofsaid head as altered by the relative hardness and softness of barkengaged by the bark-removal members thereof Ito regulate the velocityIof movement of said earriage selectively in response to the hardnessand the softness of such bark lat any particular area.

14. In a log barker, a frame, means providing relative movement betweensaid frame and a log along the longitudin'al axis of suoh log, adebarking head rotatably mounted upon said frame, said head beingprovided with a plurality of spaced and radially extending cuttingmembers arranged in circumferential rows thereon, said members providing4arcuate cutting ends and being mounted so that the proiile of saidmembers forms an arcuate line substantially coinciding with acircumferential are of sueh log, whereby, a swath of bark is removedfrom such log by said cutting members as said head is rotated, and meansfor adjustably controlling the angular position of said frame forsetting the depth of cut made by said Vcutting members.

15. The structure of claim 14 members comprise a plurality of radiallyfrom said head.

16. The structure of claim 15 in which said head is provided with acylindrical casing, and said brushes are formed of wire rope linkshaving frayed ends and being iixedly secured to said easing.

in which said cutting stil brushes extending 17. In an apparatus fordebarking logs, a frame, a debarking head rotatably mounted upon saidframe and equipped with a plurality of brushes extending radiallytherefrom for removing bark from a log, means for rotating said head,means providing relative movement between a log being debark-ed and saidhead, said debark- Iing head also being pivotally mounted upon saidframe to provide selective engagement of said brushes with a :log alongadjacent areas thereof, and power means for pivoting said head from oneto the other of the logengaging positions.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 176,709Thompson Apr. 25, 1876 1,379,768 Larson May 31, 1921 1,881,465 Ganesetal. Oct. 11, 1932 2,055,108 Hokonson Sept. 22, 1936 2,401,500 OckfenJune 4, 1946 2,576,967 Pauley et al Dee. 4, 1951 2,591,751 Whitlock Apr.8, 1952 2,608,223 Ecklund et al Aug. 26, 1952 2,646,092 Kolpe et al.July 21, 1953 2,653,635 Denison Sept. 29, 1953 FOREIGN PATENTS 635,417France Dec. 27, 1927 597,217 Germany May 18, 1934 126,001 Sweden Sept.6, 1949

